| 1. |
- Schael, S., et al.
(författare)
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Electroweak measurements in electron positron collisions at W-boson-pair energies at LEP
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physics Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-1573 .- 1873-6270. ; 532:4, s. 119-244
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the electron positron collider LEP at CERN from 1995 to 2000 are reported. The combined data set considered in this report corresponds to a total luminosity of about 3 fb(-1) collected by the four LEP experiments ALEPH, DELPHI, 13 and OPAL, at centre-of-mass energies ranging from 130 GeV to 209 GeV. Combining the published results of the four LEP experiments, the measurements include total and differential cross-sections in photon-pair, fermion-pair and four-fermion production, the latter resulting from both double-resonant WW and ZZ production as well as singly resonant production. Total and differential cross-sections are measured precisely, providing a stringent test of the Standard Model at centre-of-mass energies never explored before in electron positron collisions. Final-state interaction effects in four-fermion production, such as those arising from colour reconnection and Bose Einstein correlations between the two W decay systems arising in WW production, are searched for and upper limits on the strength of possible effects are obtained. The data are used to determine fundamental properties of the W boson and the electroweak theory. Among others, the mass and width of the W boson, m(w) and Gamma(w), the branching fraction of W decays to hadrons, B(W -> had), and the trilinear gauge-boson self-couplings g(1)(Z), K-gamma and lambda(gamma), are determined to be: m(w) = 80.376 +/- 0.033 GeV Gamma(w) = 2.195 +/- 0.083 GeV B(W -> had) = 67.41 +/- 0.27% g(1)(Z) = 0.984(-0.020)(+0.018) K-gamma - 0.982 +/- 0.042 lambda(gamma) = 0.022 +/- 0.019. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Aktas, A., et al.
(författare)
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Measurement and QCD analysis of the diffractive deep-inelastic scattering cross section at HERA
- 2006
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044. ; 48:3, s. 715-748
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- A detailed analysis is presented of the diffractive deep-inelastic scattering process ep -> eXY, where Y is a proton or a low mass proton excitation carrying a fraction 1 - x(IP) > 0.95 of the incident proton longitudinal momentum and the squared four-momentum transfer at the proton vertex satisfies |t| < 1 GeV2. Using data taken by the H1 experiment, the cross section is measured for photon virtualities in the range 3.5 <= Q(2) <= 1600 GeV2, triple differentially in x(IP), Q(2) and beta = x/x(P), where x is the Bjorken scaling variable. At low x(IP), the data are consistent with a factorisable x(IP) dependence, which can be described by the exchange of an effective pomeron trajectory with intercept alpha(IP)(0) = 1.118 +/- 0.008(exp.)(-0.010)(+0.029)(model). Diffractive parton distribution functions and their uncertainties are determined from a next-to-leading order DGLAP QCD analysis of the Q(2)and beta dependences of the cross section. The resulting gluon distribution carries an integrated fraction of around 70% of the exchanged momentum in the Q(2) range studied. Total and differential cross sections are also measured for the diffractive charged current process e(+) p -> (v) over bar eXY and are found to be well described by predictions based on the diffractive parton distributions. The ratio of the diffractive to the inclusive neutral current ep cross sections is studied. Over most of the kinematic range, this ratio shows no significant dependence on Q(2) at fixed x(P) and x or on x at fixed Q(2) and beta.
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| 3. |
- Adcox, K, et al.
(författare)
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Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX Collaboration
- 2005
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Ingår i: Nuclear Physics, Section A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0375-9474. ; 757:1-2, s. 184-283
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extensive experimental data from high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions were recorded using the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The comprehensive set of measurements from the first three years of RHIC operation includes charged particle multiplicities, transverse energy, yield ratios and spectra of identified hadrons in a wide range of transverse momenta (PT), elliptic flow, two-particle correlations, nonstatistical fluctuations, and suppression of particle production at high PT. The results are examined with an emphasis on implications for the formation of a new state of dense matter. We find that the state of matter created at RHIC cannot be described in terms of ordinary color neutral hadrons.
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| 4. |
- Aoyama, T., et al.
(författare)
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The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon in the Standard Model
- 2020
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Ingår i: Physics reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-1573 .- 1873-6270. ; 887, s. 1-166
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review the present status of the Standard Model calculation of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. This is performed in a perturbative expansion in the fine-structure constant α and is broken down into pure QED, electroweak, and hadronic contributions. The pure QED contribution is by far the largest and has been evaluated up to and including O(α5) with negligible numerical uncertainty. The electroweak contribution is suppressed by (mμ/MW)2 and only shows up at the level of the seventh significant digit. It has been evaluated up to two loops and is known to better than one percent. Hadronic contributions are the most difficult to calculate and are responsible for almost all of the theoretical uncertainty. The leading hadronic contribution appears at O(α2) and is due to hadronic vacuum polarization, whereas at O(α3) the hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution appears. Given the low characteristic scale of this observable, these contributions have to be calculated with nonperturbative methods, in particular, dispersion relations and the lattice approach to QCD. The largest part of this review is dedicated to a detailed account of recent efforts to improve the calculation of these two contributions with either a data-driven, dispersive approach, or a first-principle, lattice-QCD approach. The final result reads aμSM = 116 591 810(43) x 10-11 and is smaller than the Brookhaven measurement by 3.7 σ. The experimental uncertainty will soon be reduced by up to a factor four by the new experiment currently running at Fermilab, and also by the future J-PARC experiment. This and the prospects to further reduce the theoretical uncertainty in the near future - which are also discussed here - make this quantity one of the most promising places to look for evidence of new physics.
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| 5. |
- Carmona-Gutierrez, D., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines and recommendations on yeast cell death nomenclature
- 2018
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Ingår i: Microbial Cell. - : Shared Science Publishers OG. - 2311-2638. ; 5:1, s. 4-31
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Elucidating the biology of yeast in its full complexity has major implications for science, medicine and industry. One of the most critical processes determining yeast life and physiology is cellular demise. However, the investigation of yeast cell death is a relatively young field, and a widely accepted set of concepts and terms is still missing. Here, we propose unified criteria for the definition of accidental, regulated, and programmed forms of cell death in yeast based on a series of morphological and biochemical criteria. Specifically, we provide consensus guidelines on the differential definition of terms including apoptosis, regulated necrosis, and autophagic cell death, as we refer to additional cell death routines that are relevant for the biology of (at least some species of) yeast. As this area of investigation advances rapidly, changes and extensions to this set of recommendations will be implemented in the years to come. Nonetheless, we strongly encourage the authors, reviewers and editors of scientific articles to adopt these collective standards in order to establish an accurate framework for yeast cell death research and, ultimately, to accelerate the progress of this vibrant field of research.
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| 6. |
- Liu, H., et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable blueberry waste recycling towards biorefinery strategy and circular bioeconomy : A review
- 2021
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Ingår i: Bioresource Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-8524 .- 1873-2976. ; 332
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Waste valorization using biological methods for value addition as well as environmental management is becoming popular approach for sustainable development. The present review addresses the availability of blueberry crop residues (BCR), applications of this feedstock in bioprocess for obtaining range of value-added products, to offer economic viability, business development and market potential, challenges and future perspectives. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article addressing the blueberry waste valorization for a sustainable circular bioeconomy. Furthermore, it covers the information on the alternative BCR valorization methods and production of biochar for environmental management through removal or mitigation of organic and inorganic pollutants from contaminated sites. The review also discusses the ample opportunities of strategic utilization of BCR to offer solutions for environmental sustenance, covers the emerging trends to produce multi-products and techno-economic prospective for sustainable agronomy.
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| 7. |
- Mukesh Kumar, Awasthi, et al.
(författare)
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Biotechnological strategies for bio-transforming biosolid into resources toward circular bio-economy : A review
- 2022
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 156
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biosolids are the biological organic matter extracted from various treatment processes of wastewater which are considered as a rich source of energy and nutrients. The most commonly used method for the disposal of biosolids is landfilling. But this causes the loss of valuable nutrients and creates environmental issues. Circular economy approaches provide a better way for utilization these resources in a sustainable manner. This allows maximum utilization of resources and many natural resources can be preserved and utilized for future generations. The present review provides a comprehensive illustration of biotechnological approaches for the utilization of biosolids. Various process strategies for the utilization of biosolids for the production of energy, fuels and valueadded products are discussed. The utilization of this rich organic matter under circular economy has also been described in detail.
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